Climate Change and the Crucial Role of Family Physicians
Tabinda Ashfaq
Outreach Clinical Lead Department of Family Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
The climate change is defined as a shift in global temperatures and climate patterns. These changes have been slow previously but are now happening at a faster and intense rate due to various factors. The World Health Organization has labeled this shift as a significant threat to human health throughout the globe [1].
Various factors have been seen to be responsible for this major shift in the pattern. These changes primarily are because of human activities that release various forms of damaging gasses into the air. One of the major contributors to this damage is the burning from fossil fuels for energy, which traps heat and increase temperature of the planet [2]. Chopping down of forests is another reason for more damage as less trees will affect the absorption of carbon dioxide and hence effect quality of clean air [3]. The problem is further worsened by pollution from various factories, smoke form vehicles and poor disposal of wastages [4]. Farming practices involving livestock and fertilizers also produce strong greenhouse gases further adding to this burden [5].
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0152
Attribution Patterns in Medical Students in Academic Setting: Quantitative Insight using MMCS Scale
Marium Sohail1, Shazmina Moeed2, Sanya Noman3, Hajra Sohail4, Muhammad Haris Rauf5
Abstract: Background:Academic performance is not solely dependent on a student’s intelligence but also influenced by psychological factors, like how students perceive their success or failure. So, it’s very important to evaluate students’ attributional pattern in relation to other factors in order to help them in attributional retraining. Attribution has three main domains of Locus of control, stability and controllability. So, this study aims to examine the attributional patterns and identify the dominant attribution dimensions used by medical students.
Materials and Methods: An Analytical cross sectional study was conducted at Fazaia Medical College Islamabad for 2 months after IRB approval and informed consent using Multidimensional Multiattribution Causality Scale (MMCS). Data was collected from 112 students of First and second year MBBS using convenience sampling. After excluding seven participants with multiple missing values, data was analyzed using SPSS 25. Descriptive statistics, Reliability, independent t test and Pearson’s correlation were used for data exploration and analysis.
Result: MMCS demonstrated Cronbach-alpha of 0.89. Mean scores across items show high validation of controllable (M=2.89) and internal (M=2.79) factors. Success attribution (t=10.36) is significantly more than failure attribution (t=6.01) in academic settings. There is strong significant positive correlations among Internal attribution, controllability, instability and success (r=0.811, p < .01). External attribution demonstrate weaker correlations with internal attribution (r = .161, p > .01).
Conclusion: Medical students’ attributional pattern indicates more success attribution than failure. There is a strong attribution to relate success to internal, controllable and unstable factors which overall depicts a growth mindset.
Keywords: Attribution, Attributional retraining, Attributional patterns, Locus of control, Medical students, Mental Health..
Received: July 28, 2025
Revised: September 01, 2025
Accepted: September 02, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0154
Effect of Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion on Quality and Duration of Post-Operative Pain in Patients undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy under General Anesthesia
Syeda Hajrah Rehman, Zahid Akhtar Rao, Syed Sammiuddin, Muhsan Sultan Abbasi,
Muhammad Khalid
Anesthesia Department, Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, Pakistan Air Force Base Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Because of its analgesic properties and cardiovascular stability, ketamine has been used extensively in anesthesia practice. In a range of surgical procedures, low-dose ketamine infusions (<0.3 mg/kg/hr) have demonstrated effectiveness in lowering pain scores.
Objective: To determine the effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on quality and duration of post-operative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic in a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: This Double-blinded randomized control trial was performed in Department of Anesthesia at Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, Pakistan Air Force Hospital, Base Faisal, Karachi from 1st October 2024 to 30th April 2025. Group A received ketamine at 0.2mg/kg bolus intravenously followed by ketamine infusion at rate of 0.2mg/kg/hr. Whereas control group was served as Group B which received normal saline at an equivalent infusion rate. Pain was assessed using Numeric Rating Scale.
Result: A total of 58 patients per group were studied. Mean score was significantly lower in ketamine group at 0 hour (1.6±0.9 versus 2.7±1.2, p<0.001) and at 2 hours than control group (2.3±0.9 versus 4.8±1.2, p<0.001). Mean pain score at 4 hours (p=0.168), 6 hours (p=0.362), 12 hours (p=0.151) and 24 hours (p=0.272) was not significantly different. Time to first rescue analgesia was significantly longer in group A than group B (4.8 ± 1.7 versus 1.5 ± 0.8, p<0.001) whereas analgesic consumption was higher in group B than group A (2.5 ± 1.1 versus 1.6 ± 0.8, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The administration of low-dose ketamine infusion intraoperatively was effective in reducing post-operative pain during the early post-operative period which is also evident by lower number of analgesics requirement and a longer time to first rescue analgesia in ketamine than control group.
Keywords: Analgesia, Cholelithiasis, Cholecystectomy, Ketamine, Laparoscopic surgery.
Received: May 20, 2025
Revised: August 25, 2025
Accepted: September 09, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0160
Comparison of Conventional versus Mini-Incision Technique for Carpal Tunnel Release
Kashif Raza Khan, Muhammad Rashid, Ghulam Sarwar, Muhammad Umair, Tallal Ahmad Lodhi, Arsalan Ali
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Different surgical approaches are adopted for treating carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and these could be categorized as either endoscopic or non-endoscopic procedures. Data from Pakistan regarding these surgical techniques is very limited.
Objective: To compare the transverse mini-incision (TMI) with the conventional incision technique for the treatment of CTS.
Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial was carried out at the outpatient department of the Department of Orthopedics, Sahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal, Pakistan, from April 2022 to March 2023. A total of 46 patients were enrolled following the inclusion criteria of patients of both genders, aged between 18 and 70 years, presenting with symptoms of CTS for at least 3 months duration and having a visual analog scale (VAS) score of more than 4. Patients were randomly divided into conventional incision, and TMI group. Pre-procedure scores on the VAS, and the Functional Severity Scale (FSS) were noted to compare them postoperatively at the 2nd, 6th, and 12th weeks and at the 6- and 9-months follow-ups.
Result: In a total of 46 patients, 28 (60.9%) were females. The mean age was 41.8±6.9 years. The mean VAS pain scores were significantly lower among patients of TMI group at 12-week (p=0.001), 6-month (p<0.001), and 9-month (p<0.001) for TMI group. Comparison of functional levels among both study groups showed that TMI group had significantly better scores at 3-month (p=0.023), 6-month (p<0.001), and 9-month (p<0.001) follow-up intervals.
Conclusion: The TMI is better for relieving symptoms of CTS because its effects on pain and functional outcome are better than conventional incision.
Keywords: Carpal tunnel syndrome, Conventional incision, Functional severity scale, Transverse mini incision, Visual analogue scale.
Received: July 28, 2025
Revised: September 11, 2025
Accepted: September 11, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0167
Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in Patients on Hemodialysis: Experience from Liaquat University Hospital
Mukesh Kumar1, Pooran Mal1, Abdul Ghani Rahimon2, Kaneez Zahera3, Rekha Vankwani2, Vershia Kanwal4
2Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
3Department of Nephrology, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
4Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Patients on hemodialysis (HD) are at risk for HBV transmission due to the frequent exchange of blood products and contact with contaminated dialysate or dialysis equipment. There is reduced immunogenic response to the standard hepatitis B vaccine often occurs.
Objective: To determine the response of hepatitis B vaccine in patients among hemodialysis dependent patient.
Materials and Methods: This is an interventional study conducted for one year duration from December 17, 2021, to December 16, 2022 at Department of Nephrology Liaquat University Hospital in Hyderabad/Jamshoro, Sindh. The study included patients on hemodialysis for at least 3 or more than 3 months, aged between 18 and 60 years, including both males and females. Four doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine were administered. The doses were given on a schedule of 0, 1, 2, and 6 months and then six-week later antibody titer levels measured against the hepatitis B surface antigen. An adequate responder to the Hepatitis B vaccine was defined as having an anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen level of 100 IU/L or higher, while an inadequate responder defined as having a level below 100 IU/L.
Result: Among the 96 patients, 64 (74%) were male, and 32 (26%) were female with a mean age of 42.92years (±9.76). Type II diabetes mellitus was observed in 42 (43.8%) patients, and hypertension was prevalent in 73 (76%) patients. Out of 96 patients, 53 (55.2%) and 43 (44.8%) had adequate and inadequate response.
Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients showed an inadequate antibody response, despite completing the full vaccination schedule, confirming reduced vaccine efficacy in this population
Keywords: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis (HD), End stage renal disease (ESRD).
Received: March 29, 2025
Revised: July 13, 2025
Accepted: September 11, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0173
Comparison of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Individuals with and without Dupuytren’s Disease -A Case Control Study
Seema1, Faisal Akhlaq Ali Khan1, Waqas Sami1, Sana Shoukat1, Erum Naz2, Hiba Moazam1
2Department of Plastic Surgery, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University (SMBB) Trauma Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: It is a benign fibroproliferative illness of the hand known as Dupuytren’s disease (DD). The precise etiology of the illness is yet unknown. Many studies have been conducted on vitD (Vitamin D) anti-fibrotic effects in chronic non-malignant disorders. However, little study has been done on measuring vitD (vitD) levels in both healthy people and DD patients.
Objective: To compare serum vitD in individuals with and without DD presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed in Department of Plastic surgery, Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan during November 2023 to August 2024. Patients were enrolled from outpatients’ clinics whereas healthy controls were enrolled from Plastic & Reconstructive Department of Civil Hospital. Serum 25(OH)D (25-hydroxyvitD) levels were assessed as part of a standard laboratory evaluation for controls and all DD patients. The analysis of the data was done with SPSS 27.
Result: A total of 60 subjects were enlisted with 1:1 ratio of cases and controls. All of the patients were males. Age and body mass index were not significantly different among cases and control. Median vitD level among cases and controls was 18.4 (IQR=17.6-24.1) ng/mL and 26.1 (IQR=18.9-28.4) ng/mL respectively. The vitD levels of the patients and controls differed considerably (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The current investigation showed a considerably lesser level of vitD in cases compared to controls, indicating a connection between vitD and DD.
Keywords: Dupuytren’s disease, Fibroproliferative disorder, VitD deficiency, Myofibroblasts.
Received: October 27, 2024
Revised: June 10, 2025
Accepted: June 10, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0178
Frequency of Pancytopenia among Patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Sabir Rehman, Momin Khan, Fawad Ali, Karim Ullah, Attaur Rehman
Department of Medicine, Saidu Teaching Hospital, Saidu Medical College, Swat, Pakistan..
Abstract: Background: B12 deficiency is a common yet nutritional ailment prevalent among the aged ages of sixty years and above and amongst women. Major hematological result with vitamin B12 deficit is pancytopenia (PCP) which is reversible in most cases with an early treatment. The paucity of local data with regard to the incidence of PCP among the vitamin B12 deficient patients highlights the fact that, additional research is required.
Objective: To evaluate the frequency of pancytopenia in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 270 patients (18-60 years old) was conducted in Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals, Swat, Pakistan, between July and December 2024 to study vitamin B12 deficiency in patients. A patient with a <150 pmol/L serum vitamin B12 level was considered vitamin B12 deficient. The presence or absence of PCP was marked on the peripheral smear of blood, i.e., hemoglobin<10 g/dL, total leucocyte count <4,000/µL, platelets<150,000/µL, and reticulocyte count<2%. Chi-square test was applied to see the association of PCP with demographic and clinical variables among patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, taking p<0.05 as significant.
Result: In a total of 270 patients, 160 (59.3%) were male, and 110 (40.7%) female. The mean age, and BMI were 35.4±10.1 years, and 25.5±3.6 kg/m2, respectively. Residential status of 156 (57.8%) was urban. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 46 (17.0%) patients. The mean vitamin B12 levels was 110.4±18.9 pmol/L. The frequency of PCP was noted in 57 (21.1%) patients. Stratification of PCP with respect to gender, age groups, BMI categories, residential status, diabetes melitus, and smoking status did not reveal any significant associations (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The frequency of PCP was high in adult patients with vitamin B12 deficiency.
Keywords: Anemia, Pancytopenia, Hemoglobin, Red cell count, Mean corpuscular volume, Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Received: July 22, 2025
Revised: September 09, 2025
Accepted: September 13, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0183
Awareness and Perception Regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) among Teaching Faculty at Indus Hospital and Health Network
Madiha Ata1, Sadia Rehman2, Shafaq Sultana1, Raheela Rafique2
The Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan.
2Department of Biochemistry, Bahria University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining traction in medical education, yet faculty awareness and acceptance in countries like Pakistan remain underexplored.
Objective: This study was designed to evaluate awareness and perceptions towards artificial intelligence (AI) among the teaching faculty of Indus Hospital and Health Network (IHHN).
Materials and Methods: A two-month cross-sectional study was conducted from 15th December 2023 to 15th April 2024 at Indus Hospital and Health Network (IHHN). Data collection was completed during this period. All teaching faculty members were invited to participate through an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire distributed via the RedCap system, after obtaining informed consent. The questionnaire was self-developed and pilot-tested for clarity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.812). It covered demographic details, awareness, perceptions, perceived impact, and prior AI-related training. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28. Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations between categorical variables were assessed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Result: Overall, 77.5% of participants were aware of AI use in medical education. Among the 81 respondents (70.4% female), most were aged 35-44 years (40.7%) and had 1-5 years of teaching experience (28.8%). While 72.8% had no prior AI training, gender and age differences were noted: women favored AI in worksheet design (p = 0.040), and younger faculty showed both greater interest in slide creation (p = 0.042) and more fear of AI (p = 0.001).
Conclusion: The results emphasize the necessity for formal AI training programs to facilitate faculty preparedness and generational issues in medical education.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), Medical education, Teaching faculty, Awareness, Perceptions, AI training.
Received: April 13, 2025
Revised: August 22, 2025
Accepted: September 09, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0188
Microbiological Profile and Drug Sensitivity Pattern in Atticoantral Type Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) Presenting with Intracranial Complications
Irfan Ahmed Shaikh, Syed Faizan Ali, Qurat ul Ain, Ramsha Khalid, Ramsha Moin, Syed Muhammad Husain Rizvi
Department of ENT-Head & Neck Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Atticoantral Disease (CSOM-AAD) involves posterosuperior part of middle ear cleft (attic, antrum and. posterior tympanum and mastoid) and is associated with cholesteatoma, which, because of its bone eroding properties, causes risk of serious complications. A potentially fatal sequalae of CSOM-AAD is its intracranial complications (ICC) which can be life threatening and need to be dealt with caution.
Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the clinical presentation of CSOM-AAD patients with ICC and to evaluate the microbiological composition of the causing organisms and their drug sensitivity pattern.
Materials and Methods: Retrospective Descriptive, Cross-sectional design study which was conducted in the Department of ENT, Head, and neck surgery, DUHS, DMC, Dr. Ruth K.M Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi. The analysis was made on 40 patients presented to in between 1st January 2017 and 31st December 2024 with Atticoantral type CSOM with any of the intracranial complication were included in the study. Inclusion criteria qualifying patients’ medical records were examined for pertinent information which include demographic data(age, gender, etc.), clinical background pertaining to intracranial problems and CSOM, microbiological data, such as sensitivity testing and culture results and regimens for treatment.
Result: Out of 40 patients, 22(55%) were male and 18(45%) were female. The most common presenting complaints other than ear discharge were Headache, n= 32(80%) and fever n=30(75%), otalgia 28(70%) while the most frequent intracranial complication was temporal lobe abscess n =15(37.5%). Of all the bacterial isolates n=13 (32.5%) were Gram Positive microorganisms while n= 27(67.5%) were Gram Negative Bacteria. The commonest organism was Pseudomonas Aeruginosa n=13 (32.5%) followed by Proteus Mirabilis n=11(27.5%). The most sensitive antibiotics against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Proteus Mirabilis were imipenem, meropenem, Piperacillin/tazobactam, linezolid and vancomycin.
Conclusion: Intracranial complications of CSOM are slightly more common in male and in young age group. The most common intracranial complication is Temporal lobe abscess while most common clinical presentations are headache, fever, and ear pain. Most of the issues are brought on by Gram Negative Bacteria. Carbapenem, vancomycin, linezolid and piperacillin/tazobactam offer empirical support for both Gram-Positive Bacteria and Gram- Negative Bacteria.
Keywords: Chronic suppurative otitis media, Atticoantral disease, Cholesteatoma, Microbiological profile, Antibiotic sensitivity.
Received: April 13, 2025
Revised: August 22, 2025
Accepted: September 09, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0198
Big Score (Base Deficit INR, GCS) as a Mortality Predicting Score in Adult Patients with Multiple Trauma within 24HRS of Injury up to 30 Days of Mortality
Shafaq Feroz, Shaesta Tabassum
Department of Accident and Emergency, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Several scoring models have been developed for assessment of traumatic injury extent. One of these trauma scoring systems, the BIG score has popularity because of its simplicity and time constraints.
Objective: To analyze the predictive ability of BIG score in identifying in-hospital mortality among multiple trauma patients presenting to emergency room (ER) in a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: This prospective observational investigation was executed by emergency department at Liaquat National Hospital during 1st April, 2022 to 31st December, 2022, after obtaining approval from ethical review committee of Liaquat National Hospital (IRB# 0736-2022-LNH-ERC). Patients presenting with multiple trauma were evaluated for BIG score upon their arrival to emergency room. Patients were kept under follow-up until their discharge or in-hospital mortality.
Result: Altogether 169 patients were studied with mean age of 27 ± 7 years. In-hospital mortality was seen in 75% of patients. GCS score on ER presentation (p<0.001) was substantially lesser and BIG score (p<0.001) was significantly higher among dead patients and as compared to survivors. Frequency of diabetes (p=0.020), hypertension (p=0.016), ischemic heart disease (p=0.025), intubation upon ER arrival (p<0.001) and blunt trauma was significantly higher among those who had in-hospital than patients who were discharged safely. AUC for BIG score was 0.877. Youden index is 18.5. At threshold of 18.5, sensitivity and specificity was 81% and 76.7% respectively. On multivariable analysis, BIG score was found to be independent predictor of in-hospital mortality.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the good predictive value of BIG score in classifying the high risk patients for in-hospital among multiple trauma patients presenting to emergency room.
Keywords: In-hospital mortality, Blunt trauma, Penetrating trauma, BIG score, Emergency room, GCS score.
Received: July 03, 2025
Revised: September 04, 2025
Accepted: September 07, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0205
Spectrum of Astigmatism in Children Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan
Zulfiqar Ali, Nadia Nazir, Muhammad Khalid, Sarfraz Ahmad Mukhtar, Muhammad Jahanzaib Khan
Department of Ophthalmology, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Quaid-e-Azam Medial College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Abstract: Background: Astigmatism is considered to be a common refractive error (RE) among pediatric age groups. In Pakistan, the burden of pediatric REs remains underexplored, particularly in underserved regions such as South Punjab.
Objective: To assess the spectrum of astigmatism among children presenting to a tertiary care hospital in South Punjab, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan during January 2025 to May 2025 AFTER obtaining approval from institutional review board (letter number 2853/DME/QAMC Bahawalpur, dated: 30-12-2024). A total of 329 children aged 5-15 years, with complaints of visual disturbances were included. Demographic information like gender, age and residential affiliations were noted. All children underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and astigmatism was labeled as a cylindrical refractive error (RE) of ≥0.50 D in either eye. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM-SPSS, version 26.0.
Result: In a total of 329 children, 180 (54.7%) were male. The mean age was 10.2±2.8 years. Astigmatism was identified in 130 (39.5%) children. The mean cylindrical error among children with astigmatism was 1.34±0.62 D. Frequency astigmatism was found to be significantly differing based on age (p<0.001), residence (p<0.001), socio-economic status (p=0.005), and maternal illiteracy (p=0.001). Among 130 children with astigmatism, the severity was mild, moderate, and severe in 58 (44.6%), 48 (36.9%), and 24 (18.5%) children, respectively. Evaluation of astigmatism types showed that with-the-rule astigmatism, against-the-rule, and oblique were noted among 76 (58.5%), 36 (27.7%), and 18 (13.8%) children, respectively. Frequency of severity of astigmatism was significantly differed among different age groups (p=0.045).
Conclusion: Astigmatism is a prevalent refractive error among children in South Punjab, Pakistan, with a significant difference of frequency based on age, rural residence, low socioeconomic status, and maternal illiteracy. The findings underlines an urgent need of screening for refractive error among adolescents and community based education for early detection.
Keywords: Astigmatism, Illiterate, Oblique, Ophthalmology, Refractory error.
Received: August 01, 2025
Revised: September 13, 2025
Accepted: September 13, 2025
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0212
Editor-in-Chief Acknowledgment and Announcement of the New Editor-in-Chief for the National Journal of Health Sciences
We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Shahid Kamal for his dedicated service as Editor-in-Chief of National Journal of Health Sciences from January 2022 to June 2025. As of Monday, June 30, 2025, Dr. Shahid Kamal has officially stepped down due to increasing professional responsibilities that require his full attention.
We are pleased to announce that Prof. Dr. Tabinda Ashfaq, Professor and Consultant Family Physician at Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, has taken over the role of Editor-in-Chief. We warmly welcome her and look forward to her leadership in further strengthening and advancing the journal.
Sincerely,
Editorial Secretariat
Plot # 16, Maqbool Society, Block 7-8,
Lal Muhammad Chaudhry Road, Karachi 75350, Pakistan.
Email: publication@njhsciences.com
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0217
Transitions in the Editorial Board
Dear Esteemed Readers, Contributors, and Academic Community,
The Editorial Board of the National Journal of Health Sciences is pleased to announce important transitions within our distinguished editorial leadership, reflecting both the culmination of exemplary service and the infusion of fresh expertise to advance our journal’s mission of disseminating high-quality health sciences research.
doi.org/10.21089/njhs.103.0218
